Cannabis Research
Survey of Patients Employing Cannabigerol-Predominant Cannabis Preparations: Perceived Medical Effects, Adverse Events, and Withdrawal Symptoms
Published: September 27, 2021 Abstract: Introduction: Cannabigerol (CBG), and its precursor before decarboxylation, cannabigerolic acid is sometimes labeled the ‘‘mother of all cannabinoids.’’ The purpose of the present study was to investigate reasons for use and...
Meta-Analysis of Cannabigerol Effects on Breast Cancer Tissue Cells
Published: May 4, 2021 Abstract: Cannabigerol (CBG) is one of over 120 cannabinoids known that is produced by the Cannabis sativa plant and has become of recent therapeutic interest. Cannabinoids target primarily cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CBR1/CBR2) and form...
Colon carcinogenesis is inhibited by the TRPM8 antagonist cannabigerol, a Cannabis derived non-psychotropic cannabinoid
Published: September 30, 2014 Abstract: Cannabigerol (CBG) is a safe non-psychotropic Cannabis-derived cannabinoid (CB), which interacts with specific targets involved in carcinogenesis. Specifically, CBG potently blocks transient receptor potential (TRP) M8 (TRPM8),...
Cannabidiol—from Plant to Human Body: A Promising Bioactive Molecule with Multi-Target Effects in Cancer
Published: November 25, 2019 Abstract: Cannabis sativa L. is a plant long used for its textile fibers, seed oil, and oleoresin with medicinal and psychoactive properties. It is the main source of phytocannabinoids, with over 100 compounds detected so far. In recent...
Cannabinoids in Breast Cancer: Differential Susceptibility According to Subtype
Published: December 28, 2021 Abstract: Although cannabinoids have been used for centuries for diverse pathological conditions, recently, their clinical interest and application have emerged due to their diverse pharmacological properties. Indeed, it is well...
Cannabigerol Is a Potential Therapeutic Agent in a Novel Combined Therapy for Glioblastoma
Published: February 5, 2021 Abstract: Glioblastoma is the most aggressive cancer among primary brain tumors. As with other cancers, the incidence of glioblastoma is increasing; despite modern therapies, the overall mean survival of patients' post-diagnosis averages...
A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans
Published: November 2018 Abstract: Background: Cannabidiol is being pursued as a therapeutic treatment for multiple conditions, usually by oral delivery. Animal studies suggest oral bioavailability is low, but literature in humans is not sufficient. The aim of this...
Cannabidiol Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Promotes the Host Innate Immune Response
Published: March 10, 2021 Abstract: The rapid spread of COVID-19 underscores the need for new treatments. Here we report that cannabidiol (CBD), a compound produced by the cannabis plant, inhibits SARS-CoV2 infection. CBD and its metabolite, 7-OH-CBD, but not...
Cannabinoids Block Cellular Entry of SARS-CoV‑2 and the Emerging Variants
Published: January 10, 2022 Abstract: As a complement to vaccines, small-molecule therapeutic agents are needed to treat or prevent infections by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants, which cause COVID-19. Affinity...
Beginners Guide to KNF – Natural Farming Hawaii
Published: June 24, 2018 Overview: KNF stands for Korean Natural Farming. A farming method that deals primarily with Indigenous Micro Organisms, the living creatures in the soil that range in diversity and function. To maintain modern food productivity plants and soil...
Silica from Rice Husk Ash as an Additive for Rice Plant
Published: October 27, 2011 Abstract: The motivation for this study was to find a possible economic alternative for the residual Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as well as a way to mitigate the growing environmental problem in Southern Brazil (illegal deposition of exceeding rice...
How to Make Compost in 18 Days Using the Berkeley Hot Composting Method
Published: 2009 Overview: The Berkeley Hot Composting Method is a method used to rapidly create well-balanced compost. This post overviews the difference between various composting methods, summarizes important attributes to creating good quality compost, instructs...
Cho Global Natural Farming, SARRA India
Published: 2015 Overview: "Natural Farming is an innovative new method of farming that utilizes nature's powers for maximum performance rather than human intervention. Natural Farming uses natural materials instead of chemicals as its unique inputs. Materials are...
Natural Products for Preventing and Controlling Aflatoxin Contamination of Food
Published: August 30, 2017 Abstract: Aflatoxins are the most potent naturally occurring toxin and liver carcinogens known and their contamination of food is a significant risk factor for human health. Conventional chemical and physical approaches have been...
Bioremediation of aflatoxin B1-contaminated maize by king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii)
Published: August 3, 2017 Abstract: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most harmful mycotoxin that occurs as natural contaminant of agricultural commodities, particularly maize. Practical solutions for detoxification of contaminated staples and reduction of agricultural...
Controlling aflatoxin contamination and propagation of Aspergillus flavus by a soy-fermenting Aspergillus oryzae strain
Published: November 15, 2018 Abstract: Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of carcinogenic and immunosuppressive mycotoxins that threaten global food safety. Globally, over 4.5 billion people are exposed to unmonitored levels of AFs. Aspergillus flavus is the major source of...
An experimental randomized study on the analgesic effects of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis in chronic pain patients with fibromyalgia
Published: April 2019 Abstract: In this experimental randomized placebo-controlled 4-way crossover trial, we explored the analgesic effects of inhaled pharmaceutical-grade cannabis in 20 chronic pain patients with fibromyalgia. We tested 4 different cannabis varieties...
Architecture and Florogenesis in Female Cannabis sativa Plants
Published: April 2, 2019 Abstract: The inflorescence is the main product of medical cannabis. Hundreds of specialized metabolites with potential bioactivity are produced and accumulated in the glandular trichomes that are highly abundant mainly on female...
The Complex Interactions Between Flowering Behavior and Fiber Quality in Hemp
Published: May 6, 2019 Abstract: Hemp, Cannabis sativa L., is a sustainable multipurpose fiber crop with high nutrient and water use efficiency and with biomass of excellent quality for textile fibers and construction materials. The yield and quality of hemp biomass...
Bioengineering studies and pathway modeling of the heterologous biosynthesis of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid in yeast
Published: October 12, 2020 Abstract: Heterologous biosynthesis of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) in yeast is a biotechnological process in Natural Product Biotechnology that was recently introduced. Based on heterologous genes from Cannabis sativa and...
Designing microorganisms for heterologous biosynthesis of cannabinoids
Published: June 2, 2019 Abstract: During the last decade, the use of medical Cannabis has expanded globally and legislation is getting more liberal in many countries, facilitating the research on cannabinoids. The unique interaction of cannabinoids with the human...
Phytocannabinoids Biosynthesis in Angiosperms, Fungi, and Liverworts and Their Versatile Role
Published: June 28, 2021 Abstract: Phytocannabinoids are a structurally diverse class of bioactive naturally occurring compounds found in angiosperms, fungi, and liverworts and produced in several plant organs such as the flower and glandular trichrome of Cannabis...
Structural basis for olivetolic acid formation by a polyketide cyclase from Cannabis sativa
Published: January 18, 2016 Abstract: In polyketide biosynthesis, ring formation is one of the key diversification steps. Olivetolic acid cyclase (OAC) from Cannabis sativa, involved in cannabinoid biosynthesis, is the only known plant polyketide cyclase. In addition,...
Phytocannabinoids: a unified critical inventory
Published: January 2016 Abstract: Cannabis sativa L. is a prolific, but not exclusive, producer of a diverse group of isoprenylated resorcinyl polyketides collectively known as phytocannabinoids. The modular nature of the pathways that merge into the...
Metabolic Engineering Strategies of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): A Brief Review of the Advances and Challenges
Published: December 8, 2020 Abstract: Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a diploid (2n = 20), dioecious plant that is grown for fiber, seed, and oil. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in this crop because of its panoply of cannabinoids, terpenes, and...
PROGRESS IN EARLY SEX DETERMINATION OF CANNABIS PLANT BY DNA MARKERS
Published: 2016 Abstract: The cannabis plant is a tall annual crop of economic importance. It is mostly dioecious, but fiber hemp varieties have been bred to be monoecious. Separating male and female plants at early developmental stage is useful due to the influence...
Hermaphroditism in Marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) Inflorescences – Impact on Floral Morphology, Seed Formation, Progeny Sex Ratios, and Genetic Variation
Published: June 25, 2020 Abstract: Cannabis sativa L. (hemp, marijuana) produces male and female inflorescences on different plants (dioecious) and therefore the plants are obligatory out-crossers. In commercial production, marijuana plants are all genetically female;...
Genomic and Chemical Diversity in Cannabis
Published: February 22, 2017 Abstract: Plants of the Cannabis genus are the only prolific producers of phytocannabinoids, compounds that strongly interact with the evolutionarily ancient endocannabinoid receptors shared by most bilaterian taxa. For millennia, the...
Why do plants produce so many terpenoid compounds?
Published: September 8, 2016 Abstract: All plants synthesize a suite of several hundred terpenoid compounds with roles that include phytohormones, protein modification reagents, anti-oxidants, and more. Different plant lineages also synthesize hundreds of distinct...
Multidimensional analysis of cannabis volatile constituents: Identification of 5,5-dimethyl-1- vinylbicyclo[2.1.1]hexane as a volatile marker of Hashish, the resin of Cannabis sativa L.
Published: November 2014 Abstract: The volatile constituents of drug samples derived from Cannabis sativa L. were investigated by means of headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography techniques (GC-MS, GC × GC-MS). Samples of cannabis herb...
Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus
Published: September 5, 2018 Abstract: Cannabaceae plants Cannabis sativa L. and Humulus lupulus L. are rich in terpenes – both are typically comprised of terpenes as up to 3–5% of the dry-mass of the female inflorescence. Terpenes of cannabis and hops are typically...
Extraction and Analysis of Terpenes/Terpenoids
Published: June 10, 2016 Abstract: Terpenes/terpenoids constitute one of the largest classes of natural products, this is due to the incredible chemical diversity that can arise from the biochemical transformations of the relatively simple prenyl diphosphate starter...
Cannabinoid Decarboxylation: A Comparative Kinetic Study
Published: October 20, 2020 Abstract: Cannabinoids like Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabigerol (CBG) are considered the main active components in Cannabis sativa L. and are obtained through the decarboxylation of their acid analogues (THCA,...
Processing and extraction methods of medicinal cannabis: a narrative review
Published: July 19, 2021 Abstract: Introduction: As the cannabis industry transitions from a black market to a legal market, product development, and methods of extraction have become a focal point. To date, more than thousands of chemical constituents have been...
Oral cannabidiol does not produce a signal for abuse liability in frequent marijuana smokers
Published: December 14, 2016 Abstract: Background: Cannabidiol (CBD) is a naturally occurring constituent of the marijuana plant. In the past few years, there has been great interest in the therapeutic effects of isolated CBD and it is currently being explored for...
The Evolving Landscape of Cannabis Edibles
Published: August 2019 Abstract: Cannabis has become a global market as increasingly more jurisdictions legalize medical or recreational consumption. Canada and the United States have arguably pioneered this movement, being the first of the G7 countries to actively...
Vaping Cannabis (Marijuana): Parallel Concerns to E-cigs?
Published: August 12, 2015 Abstract: The proliferation of vaporization (‘vaping’) as a method for administering cannabis raises many of the same public health issues being debated and investigated in relation to e-cigarettes (e-cigs). Good epidemiological data on the...
Cannabigerol Action at Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 Receptors and at CB1–CB2 Heteroreceptor Complexes
Published: June 21, 2018 Abstract: Cannabigerol (CBG) is one of the major phytocannabinoids present in Cannabis sativa L. that is attracting pharmacological interest because it is non-psychotropic and is abundant in some industrial hemp varieties. The aim of this work...
The Case for the Entourage Effect and Conventional Breeding of Clinical Cannabis: No “Strain,” No Gain
Published: January 9, 2019 Abstract: The topic of Cannabis curries controversy in every sphere of influence, whether politics, pharmacology, applied therapeutics or even botanical taxonomy. Debate as to the speciation of Cannabis, or a lack thereof, has swirled for...
The “Entourage Effect”: Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders
Published: February, 2020 Abstract: Mood disorders are the most prevalent mental conditions encountered in psychiatric practice. Numerous patients suffering from mood disorders present with treatment-resistant forms of depression, co-morbid anxiety, other psychiatric...
Cannabigerol Prevents Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation of Vibrio Harveyi
Published: May 7, 2021 Abstract: Cannabigerol (CBG) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid naturally present in trace amounts in the Cannabis plant. So far, CBG has been shown to exert diverse activities in eukaryotes. However, much less is known about its effects on...
Non-Cannabinoid Metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. with Therapeutic Potential
Published: February 20, 2021 Abstract: The cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) produces an estimated 545 chemical compounds of different biogenetic classes. In addition to economic value, many of these phytochemicals have medicinal and physiological activity. The...
CB2-mediated attenuation of nucleus pulposus degeneration via the amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro
Published: August 19, 2021 Abstract: Background: Nucleus pulposus cell (NPC) degeneration is widely accepted as one of the major causes of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). The pathogenesis of IVDD is complex and consists of inflammation, oxidative...
A cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor agonist augments NOS-dependent responses of cerebral arterioles during type 1 diabetes
Published: September 24, 2020 Abstract: While activation of cannabinoid (CB2) receptors has been shown to be neuroprotective, no studies have examined whether this neuroprotection is directed at cerebral arterioles and no studies have examined whether activation of...
Protective Effects of Cannabidivarin and Cannabigerol on Cells of the Blood–Brain Barrier Under Ischemic Conditions
Published: August 5, 2021 Abstract: Background and Objectives: Preclinical studies have shown cannabidiol is protective in models of ischemic stroke. Based on results from our recent systematic review, we investigated the effects of two promising neuroprotective...
New approaches in the management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis patients
Published: February 4, 2010 Abstract: Cannabinoids such as Cannabis-based medicinal extracts (CBMEs) are increasingly being used in the treatment of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). They have been shown to have a beneficial effect on spasticity;...
The pharmacological effects of inhaled cannabis on pain in patients with multiple sclerosis: risks versus rewards
Published: August 29, 2020 Abstract: Purpose: Despite the fact that the risk versus benefit of smoking cannabis has not been extensively studied, many individuals with multiple sclerosis are smoking cannabis to reduce their pain intensity and spasticity. The lack of...
Antihyperalgesic Effect of a Cannabis Sativa Extract in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain: Mechanisms Involved
Published: July 10, 2008 Abstract: This study aimed to give a rationale for the employment of phytocannabinoid formulations to treat neuropathic pain. It was found that a controlled cannabis extract, containing multiple cannabinoids, in a defined ratio, and other...
The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of formulated full-spectrum cannabis extract in the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with multiple sclerosis
Published: April 1, 2020 Abstract: Purpose: Cannabis has been used for thousands of years in many cultures for the treatment of several ailments including pain. The benefits of cannabis are mediated largely by cannabinoids, the most prominent of which are...
Medicinal Properties of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids in Cannabis, and Benefits in Migraine, Headache, and Pain: An Update on Current Evidence and Cannabis Science
Published: August 27, 2018 Abstract: Background: Comprehensive literature reviews of historical perspectives and evidence supporting cannabis/cannabinoids in the treatment of pain, including migraine and headache, with associated neurobiological mechanisms of pain...
Delineating the efficacy of a cannabis-based medicine at advanced stages of dementia in a murine model
Published: October 4, 2016 Abstract: Previous reports have demonstrated that the combination of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) botanical extracts, which are the components of an already approved cannabis-based medicine, reduce the...
Receptor-heteromer mediated regulation of endocannabinoid signaling in activated microglia. Role of CB 1 and CB 2 receptors and relevance for Alzheimer’s disease and levodopa-induced dyskinesia
Published: January 2018 Abstract: Endocannabinoids are important regulators of neurotransmission and, acting on activated microglia, they are postulated as neuroprotective agents. Endocannabinoid action is mediated by CB1 and CB2 receptors, which may form heteromeric...
Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors are Involved in the Protection of RAW264.7 Macrophages Against the Oxidative Stress: An in Vitro Study
Published: January 23, 2017 Abstract: Research in the last decades has widely investigated the anti-oxidant properties of natural products as a therapeutic approach for the prevention and the treatment of oxidative-stress related disorders. In this context, several...
Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease
Published: May 1, 2013 Abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an incurable disease which affects millions of people in industrialized countries. Anecdotal and scientific evidence suggests that Cannabis use may have a positive impact in IBD patients. Here, we...
Cannabinoids in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Stroke/Brain Trauma: From Preclinical Models to Clinical Applications
Published: August 11, 2015 Abstract: Cannabinoids form a singular family of plant-derived compounds (phytocannabinoids), endogenous signaling lipids (endocannabinoids), and synthetic derivatives with multiple biological effects and therapeutic applications in the...
Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidivarine (CBDV), Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG) in rats and mice following oral and intraperitoneal administration and CBD action on obsessive-compulsive behaviour
Published: July 28, 2011 Abstract: Phytocannabinoids are useful therapeutics for multiple applications including treatments of constipation, malaria, rheumatism, alleviation of intraocular pressure, emesis, anxiety and some neurological and neurodegenerative...
Neuroprotective Properties of Cannabigerol in Huntington’s Disease: Studies in R6/2 Mice and 3-Nitropropionate-lesioned Mice
Published: September 25, 2014 Abstract: Different plant-derived and synthetic cannabinoids have shown to be neuroprotective in experimental models of Huntington’s disease (HD) through cannabinoid receptor-dependent and/or independent mechanisms. Herein, we studied the...
In Vitro Model of Neuroinflammation: Efficacy of Cannabigerol, a Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoid
Published: July 8th, 2018 Abstract: Inflammation and oxidative stress play main roles in neurodegeneration. Interestingly, different natural compounds may be able to exert neuroprotective actions against inflammation and oxidative stress, protecting from neuronal cell...
Cannabis glandular trichomes alter morphology and metabolite content during flower maturation
Published: August 30, 2019 Abstract: The cannabis leaf is iconic, but it is the flowers of cannabis that are consumed for the psychoactive and medicinal effects of their specialized metabolites. Cannabinoid metabolites, together with terpenes, are produced in...
Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects Induced by Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Rat CTX-TNA2 Astrocytes and Isolated Cortexes
Published: May 18, 2020 Abstract: Cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) are Cannabis sativa terpenophenols. Although CBD’s effectiveness against neurological diseases has already been demonstrated, nothing is known about CBG. Therefore, a comparison of the effects...